| Abstract |
| This study proposes a novel hybrid brain-computer interface (BCI) system that integrates steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) with the pupillary light reflex (PLR) to enhance the classification performance and information transfer rate (ITR) of conventional SSVEP-based BCIs. Eight participants took part in the experiment, where classification performances of SSVEP and hybrid paradigms were compared using four-class visual stimuli. Based on previous studies, stable SSVEP visual stimuli were selected. We also designed a hybrid visual stimulus combining luminance modulation patterns with frequencies to simultaneously evoke SSVEP and PLR responses. The experimental results showed that the hybrid paradigm achieved 94.79% accuracy and 24.90 bits/min―improvements of 10.21% in classification accuracy and 5.97 bits/min in ITR compared to the SSVEP paradigm (84.58% accuracy and 18.93 bits/min). Among the participants classified as BCI-illiterate, the proposed hybrid paradigm achieved a classification accuracy of 92.67%, representing a 16.33% improvement over the SSVEP paradigm (76.33%). In contrast,, no significant difference was observed between the two paradigms in the BCI-literate group. Additionally, the classification accuracy of the SSVEP paradigm gradually increased from 84.6% to 90.8% as the number of electroencephalogram channels increased from one to ten, whereas the hybrid paradigm showed no significant change. Overall, the proposed hybrid BCI has strong potential to advance the practical and widespread use of BCI technologies by enhancing the classification performance and ITR, addressing the challenges of BCI illiteracy, and improving usability. These improvements support broader industrial applications and services for disabled and nondisabled users. |
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| Key Words |
| Pupillary Response, Pupillary Light Reflex (PLR), Hybrid Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEP), Visual Stimulus, Multimodal, Feature Fusion, 동공 반응, 동공 빛 반사, 하이브리드 뇌-컴퓨터 상호작용, 정상상태 시각 유발전위, 시각 자극, 다중 모달 특성 융합 |
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