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Development of a Method of Cybersickness Evaluation with the Use of 128-Channel Electroencephalography
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한동욱 Dong-uk Han , 이동현 Dong-hyun Lee , 지경하 Kyoung-ha Ji , 안봉영 Bong-yeong Ahn , 임현균 Hyun-kyoon Lim |
KJSES 22(3) 3-20, 2019 DOI : 10.14695/KJSOS.2018.22.3.3 |
ABSTRACT
With advancements in technology of virtual reality, it is used for various purposes in many fields such as medical care and healthcare, but as the same time there are also increasing reports of nausea, eye fatigue, dizziness, and headache from users. These symptoms of motion sickness are referred to as cybersickness, and various researches are under way to solve the cybersickness problem because it can cause inconvenience to the user and cause adverse effects such as discomfort or stress. However, there is no official standard for the causes and solutions of cybersickness at present. This is also related to the absence of tools to quantitatively measure the cybersickness. In order to overcome these limitations, this study proposed quantitative and objective cybersickness evaluation method. We measured 128-channel EEG waves from ten participants experiencing visually stimulated virtual reality. We calculated the relative power of delta and alpha in 11 regions (left, middle, right frontal, parietal, occipital and left, right temporal lobe). Multiple regression models were obtained in a stepwise manner with the motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire (MSSQ) scores indicating the susceptibility of the subject to the motion sickness. A multiple regression model with the highest under the area ROC curve (AUC) was derived. In the multiple regression model derived from this study, it was possible to distinguish cybersickness by accuracy of 95.1% with 11 explanatory variables (PD.MF, PD.LP, PD.MP, PD.RP, PD.MO, PA.LF, PA.MF, PA.RF, PA.LP, PA.RP, PA.MO). In summary, in this study, objective response to cybersickness was confirmed through 128 channels of EEG. The analysis results showed that there was a clearly distinguished reaction at a specific part of the brain. Using the results and analytical methods of this study, it is expected that it will be useful for the future studies related to the cybersickness.
keyword : Cybersickness Evaluation, Cybersickness, Virtual Environment, Motion Sickness, 128-channel EEG, Evaluation Method, 사이버멀미 평가, 128 채널 뇌파, 사이버멀미, 멀미, 가상환경, 평가법
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A Study of Intrinsic Alpha Rhythm, Electroencephalography, and Heart Rate Variability Index as Indicators of Cognitive Function and Health in Elderly Adults
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심준영 Jun-young Shim |
KJSES 22(3) 21-34, 2019 DOI : 10.14695/KJSOS.2018.22.3.21 |
ABSTRACT
This study was an examination of the relevance and clinical significance of electroencephalographic (EEG) indexes (e.g., mental/physical stress and attention) and indexes of heart rate variability (HRV) with regard to cognitive function and physiological health conditions in elderly people. A device was used to record two-channel EEGs of the frontal lobe and a one-channel ECG simultaneously. Subjects were 76 people average aged 73. The significant findings are as follows: First, subjects whose intrinsic alpha rhythm had high amplitude, regardless of peak, showed higher resistance to mental stress and lower physical stress than did subjects with low-amplitutde intrinsic alpha rhythm. Second, HRV, SDNN, and RMSSD indexes showed strong positive correlations between the two groups of subjects regardless of the division of groups. Third, the alpha asymmetry of the left and right sides of the brain in subjects with low-amplitude intrinsic alpha rhythm was larger, and the delta/alpha ratio (reflecting physical stress) and theta/sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) ratio (showing the decline in attention) were bigger. Fourth, the subjects in whom intrinsic alpha rhythm peak occurred during slow rhythm had a higher theta/SMR ratio than did subjects whose peak occurred during fast rhythm, which was related to a steeper decline in attention. Therefore, the presence or absence of intrinsic alpha rhythm peak and amplitude on quantitative EEG may be an index reflecting the cognitive function and physiological health of elderly people.
keyword : Elderly, Cognitive Function, EEG, Alpha Intrinsic Rhythm, HRV, 노년기, 인지기능, 뇌파, 알파 고유리듬, 심박변이도
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Analysis of Users’ Emotions on Lighting Effect of Artificial Intelligence Devices
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현윤아 Yuna Hyeon , 반영환 Young-hwan Pan , 유훈식 Hoon-sik Yoo |
KJSES 22(3) 35-46, 2019 DOI : 10.14695/KJSOS.2018.22.3.35 |
ABSTRACT
Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been evolving to recognize and learn the languages, voice tones, and facial expressions of users so that they can respond to users' emotions in various contexts. Many AI-based services of particular importance in communications with users provide emotional interaction. However, research on nonverbal interaction as a means of expressing emotion in the AI system is still insufficient. We studied the effect of lighting on users' emotional interaction with an AI device, focusing on color and flickering motion. The AI device used in this study expresses emotions with six colors of light (red, yellow, green, blue, purple, and white) and with a three-level flickering effect (high, middle, and low velocity). We studied the responses of 50 men and women in their 20s and 30s to the emotions expressed by the light colors and flickering effects of the AI device. We found that each light color represented an emotion that was largely similar to the user's emotional image shown in a previous color-sensibility study. The rate of flickering of the lights produced changes in emotional arousal and balance. The change in arousal patterns produced similar intensities of all colors. On the other hand, changes in balance patterns were somewhat related to the emotional image in the previous color-sensibility study, but the colors were different. As AI systems and devices are becoming more diverse, our findings are expected to contribute to designing the users emotional with AI devices through lighting.
keyword : Artificial Intelligence, Emotional Interaction, Lighting Colors and Flickering Effects of Artificial Intelligence Devices, Emotional Arousal and Balance, 인공지능, 감성 인터랙션, 인공지능 디바이스의 조명 색상과 깜빡임 효과, 감정의 각성과 밸런스
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The Ability of Auditory Stimuli to Mask Siren Sounds in a Vehicle Graphic Simulator
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박정순 Jung-sun Park , 김규범 Gyu-beom Kim , 조형석 Hyeong-seok Jo , 김경래 Gyeong-rae Kim , 김형준 Jun-hyeong Kim , 민병찬 Byeong-chan Min |
KJSES 22(3) 47-54, 2019 DOI : 10.14695/KJSOS.2018.22.3.47 |
ABSTRACT
We examined previous studies of the correlation analysis of heart rate variability as a method to reduce the stress caused by outside noise during driving, and we investigated whether there are electrocardiographic changes when drivers play music, which provides a stable sound source amid the noise. Because the number of cars increases every year, drivers and passengers show an increase in stress caused by outside noise. The stress from outside noise while a person is driving can cause several disorders, such as anxiety, immunosuppression, depression, and heart disease. Subjects in this study operated a vehicle simulator to reduce the stress from outside noise and were given different auditory stimuli, and we studied the drivers' responses to the stimuli. Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant differences between subjects exposed to different auditory stimuli (ρ < 0.05). Through post hoc analyses, we examined these differences. We found significant differences between factor 1 (stability) and factor 2 (simulation driving), between factor 1 (stability) and factor 3 (driving + police siren), and between factor 1 (stability) and factor 4 (driving + police siren + music). In addition, the factor that produced the highest level of sympathetic nervous system activity was factor 4 (driving + police siren + music), followed by factor 3 (driving + police siren), factor 2 (driving), and factor 1 (stability). In conclusion, even when a police siren was heard during driving, there were no significant differences on electrocardiograms (ECGs). In addition, even when the siren was heard over the music, there was no difference on the ECGs (ρ < 0.01). In future studies, investigators should determine which types of music help stabilize the heart rate during driving.
keyword : Graphic Driving Simulator, Auditory Stimulation, Judgement test, ECG, Masking Effect, 자동차 그래픽 시뮬레이터, 청각자극, 측정기기, 심전도, 마스킹 효과
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Gait Feature Vectors for Post-stroke Prediction using Wearable Sensor
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Seunghee Hong , Damee Kim , Hongkyu Park , Young Seo , Iqram Hussain , Se Jin Park |
KJSES 22(3) 55-64, 2019 DOI : 10.14695/KJSOS.2018.22.3.55 |
ABSTRACT
Stroke is a health problem experienced by many elderly people around the world. Stroke has a devastating effect on quality of life, causing death or disability. Hemiplegia is clearly an early sign of a stroke and can be detected through patterns of body balance and gait. The goal of this study was to determine various feature vectors of foot pressure and gait parameters of patients with stroke through the use of a wearable sensor and to compare the gait parameters with those of healthy elderly people. To monitor the participants at all times, we used a simple measuring device rather than a medical device. We measured gait data of 220 healthy people older than 65 years of age and of 63 elderly patients who had experienced stroke less than 6 months earlier. The center of pressure and the acceleration during standing and gait-related tasks were recorded by a wearable insole sensor worn by the participants. Both the average acceleration and the maximum acceleration were significantly higher in the healthy participants (p < .01) than in the patients with stroke. Thus gait parameters are helpful for determining whether they are patients with stroke or normal elderly people.
keyword : Gait Analysis, Health Monitoring System, Post-Stroke, Wearable Sensors
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The Influence of Food Image Presentation on Purchase Intention With the Use of Augmented Reality: The Mediation Effect of User Engagement
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공해인 Hae-in Kong , 한광희 Kwang-hee Han |
KJSES 22(3) 65-76, 2019 DOI : 10.14695/KJSOS.2018.22.3.65 |
ABSTRACT
Augmented reality (AR) is the technology in which a virtual image made by computer is integrated with the real world. Food is one of the most popular products purchased online. In this study, we investigated how the presentation of food images with AR affects purchase intention and user engagement. We hypothesized that purchase intention was increased more by AR food images than by static food images. We also examined whether user engagement mediates the relationship between image presentation format and purchase intention. To test this hypothesis, participants in one group saw AR food images, and participants in another group saw static food images on an iPad. All participants then answered questions about user engagement and purchase intention. As predicted, participants who saw an AR food image reported higher user engagement and higher purchase intention than did those who saw a static food image. The indirect effect of user engagement was also significant, and the link between image presentation format and purchase intention was fully mediated by user engagement. We also found that aesthetic appeal, one of the sub-factors of user engagement, fully mediated the link between image presentation format and purchase intention. Thus AR images of food images were aesthetically more appealing, which led to higher purchase intention. These findings suggest that AR technology can be used effectively as a way to advertise food.
keyword : Augmented Reality (AR), Image Presentation Format, User Engagement, Purchase Intention, Consumer Behavior, 증강현실, 이미지 제시 방식, 사용자 참여, 구매 의사, 소비자 행동
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The Effect of Individual Differences in Need for Affective and Cognitive on Health Advice in Virtual Reality
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유상형 Sanghyeong Yu , 정유진 Yujin Jung , 한광희 Kwanghee Han |
KJSES 22(3) 77-90, 2019 DOI : 10.14695/KJSOS.2018.22.3.77 |
ABSTRACT
In this study, we investigated which message provider is effective in a virtual reality (VR) environment for individuals with different needs with regard to affect (need for affect [NFA]) and cognition (need for cognition [NFC]). According to Haddock et al (2008), individuals with high NFA were more influenced to change their behavior by the emotional aspects of a message, whereas individuals with high NFC were more influenced by the cognitive aspects of the same message. We hypothesized that individual differences in needs could affect not only receipt of the message but also the acceptability of the message provider. For example, someone with high NFA might accept messages more easily from an acquaintance than from experts. In the VR environment, the appearance of the message provider could be manipulated in a way that makes him or her more familiar to the person receiving the message. Accordingly, in order to promote the effectiveness of message providers in a VR environment according to the individual difference in needs, we measured the level of the preference and self-efficacy according to needs (NFA or NFC), type of message provider (expert, significant other, or other), and VR device (text or VR). Contrary to what we expected, the results showed that there was no matching effect between the needs and the message provider. However, we found that level of preference and self-efficacy were significantly high when a VR device was worn only by participants with high NFA. This result suggests that a VR environment is more suitable for providing health advice to people with high NFA. In addition, the novelty of this study is that we tried to find the tailored message provider on health advice in VR environment and it is in the early stage of the research.
keyword : VR Advisor, VR Healthcare, NFA, NFC, Tailored Message, VR 조언자, VR 헬스케어, 감성 욕구, 인지 욕구, 맞춤형 메시지
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A Comparison of the Use of Multicolored Stripes in Tibetan Folk Costumes and the Traditional Korean Saekdong
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Ji-soo Kim , Young-joo Na |
KJSES 22(3) 91-102, 2019 DOI : 10.14695/KJSOS.2018.22.3.91 |
ABSTRACT
Tibet has a long history and many traditions that feature colorful costumes. This study analyzes the similarities and differences in the use of multicolored stripes in the Korean Saekdong (색동: stripes of many colors) and Tibetan folk costumes. The analyses were done within the framework of Tibet’s cultural and religious background and the characteristics of the region’s traditional costumes. For this study, literature and photographs from books and the Internet that record the history of Tibet’s traditional costumes were analyzed. The results show that the use of various colorful stripes was common in the Bangjeon (幇典) apron, one of the greatest costumes in Tibetan history. A Bangjeon is made of wool of multiple colors and has horizontal lines as compared with the silk Saekdong’s vertical lines. In addition, they have a multicolored striped band on the sleeves which reminds one of the traditional Korean jacket with its Saekdong sleeves. However, these multicolored stripes appear in more parts of the Saekdong (such as the hemline and front collar) when compared with contemporary Korean costumes. Moreover, the multicolored bands are noticeable in several ornaments from the time, which suggests that Tibetans and Koreans were very fond of using multicolored stripes. Costumes from the Goguryeo (高句麗) dynasty indicate that Tibetans, like the Mongols and Manchus, were very similar to Koreans as they had multicolored garments and Paji pants in common.
keyword : Bangjeon, Saekdong, Tibet, Korea, Traditional Costume
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A Study on Mitigation of Psychological Instability of Soldiers by Direct Exposure to the SMR Wave
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김경래 Kim Kyoung-lae , 김규범 Kim Koo-bum , 조형석 Cho Seok-su , 박정순 Park Jung Soon , 김형준 Kim Hyung Jun , 여선구 Yeo Sun Gu , 민병찬 Min Byeong Chan |
KJSES 22(3) 103-108, 2019 DOI : 10.14695/KJSOS.2018.22.3.103 |
ABSTRACT
Although the Korean Armistice Agreement resulted in complete cessation of the hostilities of the Korean War, it also initiated a rule that obligates Korean men to compulsorily participate in military service. However, psychological factors such as anxiety, stress, and negative perception among the young participants joining the military lead to inefficiency in training and performance. Several types of media production companies have been tasked to deal with this problem. However, their tools have not adequately addressed the root causes of the psychological distress. Stress rates are still high among the youth. This paper offers a method of reducing anxiety and psychological stress among those joining the military. It also aims to help improve concentration and cope with the pessimism of military life. The study measured the increase in concentration as well as the changing rate of anxiety and psychological stress in the participants of two experimental groups. A significant result with t = 2.487, p = 0.042, and 95% confidence levels was revealed by analyzing the data pertaining to the experimental group that was directly exposed to the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) wave implying that this brain wave alleviated feelings of anxiety and psychological stress. The method proposed in this paper can thus be applied to mitigate stress in soldiers and help them with their personal and military lives. Further interdisciplinary experiments examining the associations between the electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram are required.
keyword : SMR, ECG, A State of Anxiety, Stress, Sympathetic Nervous System, SMR파, 심전도, 심리적 불안상태, 스트레스, 교감신경계
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