Past Issues

The present study explores two relationships: first, between number of payment and payment option preference, and second, total sum and payment option preference, with pain of payment as a mediator variable. The analyses revealed that consumers who feel higher pain of payment preferred the pennies-a-day pricing to the aggregate pricing when the per-payment price is low. Consumers who experience higher pain of payment prefer to pay in small frequent installments because they feel the small per-payment price can be comparable to daily expense. Consumers who experienced higher pain of payment preferred aggregate pricing to pennies-a-day pricing when the per-payment price was high. When the per-payment price is high, it is no longer comparable to daily expense, thus leading to greater pain of payment among consumers. The study discusses the implications for mechanism of pain of payment on payment option preference.

keyword : Pain of Payment, Pennies-a-day, Aggregate Pricing, Payment Option Preference

This study was based on previous ones that demonstrate how social exclusion leads to a desire for physical warmth. Research was conducted using odor-induced emotions to predict social exclusion, leading to a pursuit of emotional warmth and avoidance of emotional distance. For this purpose, a preliminary study sought to select odors perceived to be emotionally warm and emotionally distant, after which two experiments verified differences in odor preference between the social exclusion group and the control group. Results indicated that individuals who have experienced social exclusion had a stronger preference for warm odors and a weaker preference for cold odors compared to those who have not been socially ostracized. This study has theoretical value in terms of expanding the social exclusion-induced desire for physical warmth into the emotional dimension as well as examining the avoidance of emotional coldness, which had been overlooked in previous research studies. This also leads to practical implications for comfort foods, character emotions, emotional-space design, and emotions for artificial-intelligence chatbots.

keyword : Social Exclusion, Odor Sensibility, Olfactory Information, Olfactory System and Emotion, Positive Relationship, 사회적 배제, 향 감성, 후각정보, 후각 시스템과 정서, 긍정적 관계

Nowadays, it is hard to imagine one's life without smart phones or the internet. Furthermore, not only do people form groups offline, but also online. Based on the cognitive dissonance theory, there have been many studies about how an offline group's initiation affects attitudes toward the group. However, there has not been a study about how an online group's initiation can affect attitudes toward the group. Therefore, this study aims to find out how cognitive dissonance aroused by initiation affects the attitudes toward the online community, which represents groups that are formed online. In addition, this study examined how perceived similarity affects changes in attitude aroused by cognitive dissonance. Participants were assigned to a group in three ways as follows: without a registration process, with a simple registration process, and/or with a complex registration process. Perceived similarity was calculated by the difference between the current body mass index (BMI) and the target BMI of the participant. Attitudes toward the online group were measured by perceived source credibility, perceived information quality, satisfaction, information usefulness, and continuance intention. Contrary to the cognitive dissonance theory, the results showed that when applied to offline social groups, there were conflicting results. There were cases where there was no difference in the evaluation between initiation conditions. However, other cases showed that groups with the most complex registration process were found to have the worst evaluation. People were more favorable toward the group when the perceived similarity was larger. Interestingly, people who had higher perceived similarity had more positive attitudes toward the groups that had been assigned with a registration process compared to the group formed without a registration process. Conversely, people with lower perceived similarity had more positive attitudes toward the group when there was no initiation process. Online communities may use the results of this study to design more suitable registration processes for their communities.

keyword : Cognitive Dissonance, Initiation, Online Community, Perceived Similarity, 온라인 커뮤니티, 인지부조화, 지각된 유사성, 가입 절차

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of LED illumination and task difficulty on a person's long-term memory. Illumination levels of 400 lx and 1,000 lx were employed in this study, and task difficulty was set at learning 4 words (easy task) and 7 words (difficult task). The person's retention rate of the learned task was designated as a dependent variable. A total of 64 subjects participated in this study, and 16 participants assigned to each of the four sets of conditions. The results indicated that the retention rate for the difficult task under relatively dark 400 lx conditions was 68.49%, while and the retention rate was higher than 56.03% for 1,000 lx conditions. In addition, for the easy task, the retention rate was 67.97% and 56.55% for the 400 1x and the 1,000 1x conditions, respectively. However, the interaction between illumination and task difficulty was not statistically significant. The study results further suggested that long-term memory can be effective in relatively dark conditions and indirectly suggests that long-term memory may not follow the Yokers-Dodson law.

keyword : LED Light, Long-term Memory, Word Fragment Complete Task, Task Difficulty, Illuminance, Yokers-Dodson Law, LED 조명, 장기기억, 단어완성검사, 과제 난이도, 조도, 요커스-도드슨 법칙

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of motion sickness on pupil rhythm. Sixteen volunteers of both genders (8 male, 8 female, mean age 25.67 ± 2.43 years) experienced VR contents in both 2D and HMD versions for 15 minutes, and their pupillary rhythms were compared. The irregular pattern of the pupillary rhythms, as demonstrated by increasing mean pupil diameter (mPD) and standard deviation of the pupil diameter (sPD), revealed motion sickness after experiencing HMD condition. The pupillary response is strongly related to the cognitive load, and the motion sickness can be interpreted as a change in the cognitive load caused by the increasing volume of visual information that must be processed and the conflict or inconsistency between different sensory modalities. The method proposed in this study could be a non-contact measurement method for the monitoring of motion sickness using a web-camera rather than previous sensor-based methods.

keyword : Motion Sickness, Pupillary Response, Non-contact Measurement, Cognitive Load, Head Mounted Display (HMD), 멀미, 동공 반응, 비 접촉식 측정, 인지 부하, 머리 착용 디스플레이

The two main requirements of wearable optical fiber fabrics are that they must presuppose a high degree of flexibility and they must maintain the luminance effect in both flat and bent conformations. Therefore, woven optical fiber fabrics that satisfy the above conditions were developed by both weaving and by using computer embroidery. First, we measured the brightness of the wearable optical fiber fabric in the flat state at a total of 10 measurement points at intervals of 1 ㎝. Second, the wearable optical fiber fabric was placed horizontally on the forearm, where three-dimensional bending occurs, and the luminance values were recorded at the same 10 measurement points. For the woven fabric in the flat state, the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation luminance values were 5.23 cd/㎡, 2.74 cd/㎡, 3.56 cd/㎡, and 1.11 cd/㎡, respectively. The corresponding luminance values from the bent forearm were 7.92 cd/㎡ (maximum), 2.37 cd/㎡ (minimum), 4.42 cd/㎡ (average), and 2.16 cd/㎡ (standard deviation). In the case of the computer-embroidered fabric, the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation luminance values in the flat state were 7.56 cd/㎡, 3.84 cd/ ㎡, 5.13 cd/ ㎡, and 1.04 cd/㎡, respectively, and in the bent forearm state were 9.6 cd/㎡, 3.63 cd/㎡, 6.13 cd/ ㎡, and 2.26 cd/㎡, respectively. Therefore, the computer-embroidered fabric exhibited a higher luminous effect than the woven fabric because the detailed structure reduced light-loss due to the backside fabric. In both types of wearable optical fiber fabric the luminance at the forearm was 124% and 119%, respectively, and the light emitting effect of the optical fiber fabric was maintained even when bent by the human body. This is consistent with the principle of Huygens, which defines the wave theory of light, and also the Huygens-Fresnel- Kirchhoff principle, which states that the intensity of light increases according to the magnitude of the angle of propagation of the light wavefront (θ).

keyword : Wearable Optical Fiber Fabric, Woven Fabric Structure, Curvature, Luminescence Effect, 웨어러블 광섬유, 직물 구조, 굴곡, 발광 효과

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of contact type textile electrode structure on heart activity signal acquisition for smart healthcare. In this study, we devised six contact type textile electrodes whose electrode size and configuration were manipulated for measuring heart activity signals using computerized embroidery. We detected heart activity signals using a modified lead II and by attaching each textile electrode to the chest band in four healthy male subjects in a standing static posture. We measured the signals four times repeatedly for all types of electrodes. The heart activity signals were sampled at 1 ㎑ using a BIOPAC ECG100, and the detected original signals were filtered through a band-pass filter. To compare the performance of heart activity signal acquisition among the different structures of the textile electrodes, we conducted a qualitative analysis using signal waveform and size as parameters. In addition, we performed a quantitative analysis by calculating signal power ratio (SPR) of the heart activity signals obtained through each electrode. We analyzed differences in the performance of heart activity signal acquisition of the six electrodes by performing difference and post-hoc tests using nonparametric statistic methods on the calculated SPR. The results showed a significant difference both in terms of qualitative and quantitative aspects of heart activity signals among the tested contact type textile electrodes. Regarding the configurations of the contact type textile electrodes, the three-dimensionally inflated electrode (3DIE) was found to obtain better quality signals than the flat electrode. However, regarding the electrode size, no significant difference was found in performance of heart signal acquisition for the three electrode sizes. These results suggest that the configuration method (flat/3DIE), which is one of the two requirements of a contact type textile electrode structure for heart activity signal acquisition, has a critical effect on the performance of heart activity signal acquisition for wearable healthcare. Based on the results of this study, we plan to develop a smart clothing technology that can monitor high-quality heart activity without time and space constraints by implementing a clothing platform integrated with the textile electrode and developing a performance improvement plan.

keyword : Heart Activity Signal, Contact Type Heart Activity Signal Sensing, Textile Electrode Structure, Quality of Heart Activity Signal, Convergence Technology, Smart Healthcare, 심장활동 신호, 접촉식 심장활동 신호 센서, 직물전극의 구조, 심장활동 신호의 품질, 융합 기술, 스마트 헬스케어

Behavioral studies of emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have yielded mixed results. Most of the studies focused on emotion recognition abilities with regard to ASD using stimuli with unisensory modality, making it difficult to determine difficulties in real life emotion perception in ASD. Herein, we review the recent behavioral and cognitive neuroscience studies on emotion recognition functions in ASD, including both unisensory and multisensory emotional information, to elucidate the possible difficulties in emotion recognition in ASD. In our study, we discovered that people with ASD have problems in the process of integrating emotional information during emotion recognition tasks. The following four points are discussed: (1) The restrictions of previous studies, (2) deficits in emotion recognition in ASD especially in recognizing multisensory information, (3) possible compensation mechanisms for emotion recognition in ASD, and (4) the possible roles of attention and language functions in emotion recognition in ASD. The compensatory mechanisms proposed herein for ASD with regard to emotion recognition abilities could contribute to a therapeutic approach for improving emotion recognition functions in ASD.

keyword : Autism Spectrum Disorders, Compensatory Mechanism, Emotion Recognition, Multisensory Integration, 자폐 스펙트럼 장애, 보상기제, 정서인식, 다중감각 통합

Although accurate time perception is necessary to properly respond to the environment, it was discovered that non-temporal features also affect time perception. Previous studies have identified various factors that affect time perception, but there was no attempt to directly investigate the possible effects of the distance between participants and the stimuli on time perception. The current study examined the effects of viewing distance on time perception, by considering the retinal, physical, and perceived size of the stimuli. The viewing distance had no effect when either the physical size or the perceived size of the stimulus was the same. Viewing distance was found only to have an effect when the retinal size of the stimulus was the same. This effect might be a size effect rather than a distance effect because as the viewing distance increases the size should also increase to maintain the retinal size. These results imply that temporal perceptual constancy is preserved irrespective of the viewing distance, when distance information is not limited.

keyword : Duration Perception, Size, Viewing Distance, Perceptual Constancy, 시간 지각, 크기, 관찰 거리, 지각 항상성

This study aimed to identify specific psychological and brain activation responses relating to the processing of negative emotions in patients with alcohol dependency. The authors hypothesized that patients with alcohol dependency would demonstrate the abnormal functioning of brain regions involved in negative emotions. Eleven male patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence in an inpatient alcohol treatment facility and 13 social drinkers with similar demographics were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as they viewed film clips that evoked negative emotions. During exposure to negative emotional stimuli, the control group evinced significantly greater activity in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in comparison to patients with alcohol dependency. Correlation analyses demonstrated a negative association in the relationship between beta values from the right ACC and amygdala in participants classified in the control group. No statistically significant relationship was observed for blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) changes between the two regions in the patient group during the elicitation of negative emotions. On the other hand, patients exhibited a greater activation of the amygdala as negative emotions were induced. These results suggest that alcoholism presents pathophysiology of brain activation that is distinct from the responses of healthy individuals functioning as controls.

keyword : Alcohol Dependency, Negative Emotion, fMRI, Brain Activation