Past Issues

The emergence of the fourth industrial revolution is rapidly changing the conventional society and the industry, eroding the boundaries among the technology, culture, and finance. In the mobility industry, as the engineeringbased industry converges with the information technology, the mobile space is changing from mobility or safetycentric space into space where the passengers can consume infotainment or contents services. The contents evaluation of the future mobility is conducted in terms of usability or technology acceptance aspect, but according to the trend analysis, the mobility industries, such as vehicle OEMs, it is necessary to evaluate the emotional or sensibility factors for the development of their future mobile space design. Herein, this research study evaluates which sensibility factor should be evaluated in priority to develop the contents interaction in the future mobile space. Thus, using Patrick Jordan’s Four Pleasure Model, the priority evaluation has been conducted among 116 Korean drivers. As a result of the statistical analysis and AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), it has been found that first, it is necessary to evaluate psychological, ideological, social and physical sensibility in the respective order, and second, it is necessary to evaluate based on the contents user type.

keyword : Contents Sensibility, Contents User, Future Mobility, Sensibility Prioritization, 감성 우선순위, 차세대 이동공간, 콘텐츠 감성, 콘텐츠 이용자

The era of fully autonomous vehicles which can travel to their destination completely, is expected to arrive in the near future. The automobile industry will face a huge change in the near future. It makes the industry in the midst of a major turning point, since the automobile was born in the late 1800s. It is expected that the fully autonomous vehicle will be defined as a part of a living space beyond the concept of transportation. However, the existing research on the interior design of the fully autonomous vehicle is insufficient. The purpose of this study is to propose a design method of interior space through analyzing in-vehicle activities, which is a fundamental design element that can satisfy user’s emotional experience suitable the concept of living space. For this purpose, the consumer’s consciousness about the in-vehicle activity of fully autonomous vehicle was investigated. As a result, domestic consumers perceived the needs of in-vehicle activities related to resting, listening and watching activities such as ‘sleeping and resting’, ‘watching TV and movie’, ‘listening to music’ among ‘self - centered’ activities. Based on the results of the investigation, this study will suggest a design method of interior design of the fully autonomous vehicle. This study is meaningful, because it is a leading research that suggests new ways of designing interior space by analyzing consumer’s needs in a quantitative method.

keyword : Emotional Experience, Consumer`s Consciousness, Interior Design, In-Vehicle Activity, Fully Autonomous Vehicle, 감성경험, 소비자 의식, 실내공간 디자인, 실내행위, 완전 자율주행 자동차

This study suggests the sensing method of the Three-dimensional respiration rate sensor based on surface area changes, and exploring the design direction of the three-dimensional breathing sensor and the design orientation of the garment. To achieve this, two types of three-dimensional respiration rate sensor were produced, and the study of the dummy and the subjects studied. The studyⅠ investigated the possibility of measurement of the threedimensional respiration sensor by the study variables of the sensor type and speed of respiration. The studyⅡ proposes a suitable type of sensor for each of the three measuring positions in addition to the study variables in the studyⅠ. To evaluate accuracy, reproducibility, and reliability of the three-dimensional respiration rate sensor, the BIOPAC was used to measure the respiration rate simultaneously with the three-dimensional respiration rate sensor. Through all these results of the experiment, it explored the possibility of measurement of the three-dimensional respiration sensor for the dummy. It also proposed a suitable type of sensor by measuring the respiration rate for the human body.

keyword : Three-dimensional Structure, Respiration Rate Sensing, Fabric Sensor, Sensing Accuracy, Sensing Reproducibility, Sensing Reliability, 입체 구조, 호흡수 센싱, 직물 센서, 센싱 정확도, 센싱 재현성, 센싱 신뢰도

As information and communication technologies (ICTs) become more advanced, consumers are able to experience retailing activities such as searching for products and services in online retail shops and for Internet-exclusive branded contents. Specifically, fashion retailers are facing the need to develop more novel experiential design than one another to maximize customers’ experience in Internet websites and secure sustainable competency. Confirming methods of organic integration of experiential and visual features of both online and mobile channels is an important aspect of the study of extended consumers’ interfaces of retail channels. Mehrabian and Russell’s stimulusorganism- response (S-O-R) paradigm and Sugiyama and Andree’s attention, interest, search, action, and share (AISAS) model were used for this research. Specifically, the present study considered the effect of e-commerce website features on consumers’ emotional reactions (pleasure and arousal) and the consequent impact on online consumer behaviors (search, action, and share). Hence, plus the self-reported survey methods, each subject’s psychophysiological indicators (i.e., pleasure and arousal) were measured to obtain more objective and reliable data and to redeem the results of the self-reported survey. Findings revealed the implications of the e-commerce website feature by comprehending the S-O-R paradigm and AISAS model and extending the understanding of the role of variables associated with comprehended frameworks based on psychophysiological data.

keyword : Online Atmospherics, E-commerce, S-O-R Paradigm, AISAS, Website Feature, Psychophysiology

With the breakthrough of speech recognition technology, conversational agents have become pervasive through smartphones and smart speakers. The recognition accuracy of speech recognition technology has developed to the level of human beings, but it still shows limitations on understanding the underlying meaning or intention of words, or understanding long conversation. Accordingly, the users experience various errors when interacting with the conversational agents, which may negatively affect the user experience. In addition, in the case of smart speakers with a voice as the main interface, the lack of feedback on system and transparency was reported as the main issue when the users using. Therefore, there is a strong need for research on how users can better understand the capability of the conversational agents and mitigate negative emotions in error situations. In this study, we applied social strategies, “forewarning” and “apology”, to conversational agent and investigated how these strategies affect users' perceptions of the agent in breakdown situations. For the study, we created a series of demo videos of a user interacting with a conversational agent. After watching the demo videos, the participants were asked to evaluate how they liked and trusted the agent through an online survey. A total of 104 respondents were analyzed and found to be contrary to our expectation based on the literature study. The result showed that forewarning gave a negative impression to the user, especially the reliability of the agent. Also, apology in a breakdown situation did not affect the users’ perceptions. In the following in-depth interviews, participants explained that they perceived the smart speaker as a machine rather than a human-like object, and for this reason, the social strategies did not work. These results show that the social strategies should be applied according to the perceptions that user has toward agents.

keyword : Conversational Agents, Smart Home, Agent-based Interface, Social Interface, 대화형 에이전트, 스마트홈, 에이전트 기반 인터페이스, 사회적 인터페이스

Stress involves changes in behavior, autonomic function and the secretion of hormones. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) contributes to physiological adaptive process in short durations. In particular, heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is commonly used as a quantitative marker depicting the ANS activity related to mental stress. The aim of this study is to investigate correlations between psychological responses to stress and HRV indices induced by the cognitive stressor. Thirty-three participants rated their mental and physical symptoms occurred during the past two weeks on Stress Response Inventory (SRI), which is composed of seven stress factors that may influence the status of mental stress levels. Then, they underwent the psychophysiological procedures, which are collected electrocardiogram (ECG) signals during a cognitive stress task. HRV indices, the standard deviation of R-R interval (SDNN), root mean square of successive R-R interval difference (RMSSD) and low frequency (LF)/high frequency (HF) ratio were extracted from ECG signals. Physiological responses were calculated stress responses by subtracting mean of the baseline from the mean of recovery. Stress factors such as tension, aggression, depression, fatigue, and frustration were positively correlated to HRV indices. In particular, aggression had significant positive correlations to SDNN, RMSSD and LF/HF ratio. Increased aggressive responses to stress correlated with the increases of all HRV indices. This means the increased autonomic coactivation. Additionally, tension, depression, fatigue, and frustration were positively associated with RMSSD reflecting increases in parasympathetic activation. The autonomic coactivation may represent an integrated response to specific cognitive reactions such as the orienting response.

keyword : Stress, Psychological Response, Autonomic Nervous System, Heart Rate Variability, 스트레스, 심리 반응, 자율신경계 반응, 심박변이도

The purpose of this study is for fundamental research of meditation smart wear for physical and mental healing, and researching method for monitoring phase of meditation through textile by measuring the number of abdominal respiration when meditating. For this purpose, the research implemented Single Wall Carbon Nano-Tube (SWCNT) based strain gauges type textile sensor, considered reliability and validity of respiratory sensing, and analyzed efficiency of respiratory sensing based on body parts comparatively. The first preliminary experiment was to evaluate the performance of textile sensor through abdominal model dummy which open and shut of 5 cm repeatedly for 2 minutes at the rate of 0.1Hz in order to simulate abdominal respiration. It concluded signal efficiency between reference sensor(BIOPAC) and textile respiratory sensor appears statistically significant (p<0.001). The second experiment were conducted with 4 subjects doing abdominal respiration under same conditions, and after comparing the signal values between two sensors from 4 attached locations(around center and sides of omphali and phren), center of omphali and sides of phren were selected as suitable location for measuring meditational breathing as they showed large and stable signals. In result, this research aimed for implementing of the textile sensor for sensing meditational breathing of long respiration cycle, review of reliability and validity for sensing number of meditational respiration with the sensor and consideration of sensing efficiency by sensing location on body parts.

keyword : Smart Wear, Respiration Rate Monitoring, Meditation Respiration, Textile Sensor, Long Respiration Cycle, 스마트의류, 호흡수 측정 직물센서, 명상호흡, 호흡주기

The purpose of this study is to reveal concrete evidence on how aesthetic preference is applied in product design by countries. Since the 19th century, the proportion has been examined various times, and the conclusions consistently showed the strong preference for the golden ratio (1:1.618). However, previous studies are mainly focused on western products that were designed by western designers, so when the same experiment conducted for the first time in Asia with the question of ‘Is the Asian subjects also likes the golden ratio?’, the result clearly revealed that Korean subjects have a significant preference for the root ratio (1:1.414) and perfect square (1:1). It demonstrates that proportion preference might be different by countries, and it also influences on everyday products. Moreover, there is not enough evidence of Asian product proportions. For this reason, this study will strive to expand the knowledge on Asian aesthetic preference by focusing on Japanese automobiles that were designed and produced in Japan. 55 iconic Japanese automobiles were analyzed for proportion and compared with 50 iconic German automobiles. The result shows that Japanese automobiles have a shorter length of 7:10 (1:1.414) ratio than German automobiles with 13:23 (1:1.769) ratio. This result proves that there is the difference in preference for the proportion of Japan and Germany, and it has already influenced on automobile proportions. This result has a strong value that finding the most appropriate proportion of automotive design is a major issue in new product development, so this can be adapted to various fields of the design process where strong cultural value exists.

keyword : Aesthetic Preference, Automobiles, Product Design, Proportion Analysis

Saekdong is a unique Korean fabric that has been used since ancient times, and it is woven with the plain or satin weave so that vertical stripes appear by various colored warp threads of equal spacing. Saekdong means pleasure, joy, serenity, heavenly blessing, spirituality, wind, and abundance, expressing the optimistic and positive sentiment of Korea’s forefathers. This study investigated how ancient Saekdong occurred with meanings. As a research method, this study used literature review and surfing newspapers and photographs, museum and internet search, even from other fields such as earthenware, bronze, and traditional dance. We collected Saekdong and the lifestyles of ethnic Koreans living in China, investigated the Asuka culture of Japan, and the tomb murals of Takamatsu-Chong, which are Baekje and Goguryeo settlement areas. The results are as follows: First, it expresses happy occasion, pleasure, and joy, and expresses a desire for good things to be repeated and lasting. Second, it symbolizes simple beauty, order, equality and harmony of many tribes. Third, Saekdong is life and power which represent a sacred, heavenly, mysterious bird. Fourth, it symbolizes abundance and wealth, rain, wind or fields. Finally, this study showed the brilliance and pride of Korean hanbok through Saekdong. The significance of this study is to examine the symbolism and inherent aesthetic characteristics of Saekdong and to show the unique value and spiritual heritage of the Korean people.

keyword : Saekdong, Silk Geum, Go-Joseon, Goguryeo, Tomb Wall Painting, 색동, 금, 고조선, 고구려, 고분 벽화

Understanding the process of spatial perception plays a significant role in the design process as well as in the use of actual spaces. The perception of spatial depth can vary according to the space composition and design even there is no change in the actual size of the space. The properties of 3-dimensional space are its width, height, and depth; however, compared to the perception of spatial width and height, little research and theories exist on spatial depth perception. The reasons may be there less interest lies in the effect of spatial depth perception than that of spaciousness or height of space. This study is an investigation of the process of spatial depth perception using an eye-tracking device with stimuli developed through Computer Graphics. A total of 44 interior design major students participated in the eye tracking experiment; and they looked at three images comprised of an identical room with only changes in the rear wall condition. The results show that a significant difference in the fixation duration per stimulus exists. In addition, a significant difference exists on the fixation duration per stimulus according to the participants’ answer of the deepest space. The result of this study can help identify factors for spatial depth perception, validate the assumption on it, and provide knowledge on how to acquire desirable spatial depth by utilizing the research result.

keyword : Space Structure, Eyetracking, Spatial Depth, Visual Attention, 공간구조, 시선추적, 깊이감, 주의집중